# An obstacle by R. P. Feynman: offer counter-intuitive theories that can be converted right into day-to-day language

The following is a quote from Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman. The inquiry is: exist any kind of intriguing theories that you assume would certainly be an example to inform Richard Feynman, as a response to his obstacle? Theories need to be entirely counter-intuitive, and also be conveniently translatable to day-to-day language. (Evidently Banach-Tarski mystery was not an example.)

After that I obtained a suggestion. I tested them: "I wager there isn't a solitary theory that you can inform me - what the presumptions are and also what the theory remains in terms I can recognize - where I can not inform you today whether it's real or incorrect."

It usually went like this: They would certainly clarify to me, "You've obtained an orange, OK? Currently you reduced the orange right into a. limited variety of items, placed it back. with each other, and also it's as large as the sunlight. Real or incorrect?"

" No openings."

" Impossible!

" Ha! Everyone collect around! It's. So-and-so's theory of countless. action!"

Simply when they assume they've obtained. me, I advise them, "But you claimed an. orange! You can not reduce the orange peel. any kind of thinner than the atoms."

" But we have the problem of. connection: We can go on reducing!"

" No, you claimed an orange, so I. thought that you suggested an actual orange."

So I constantly won. If I presumed it. right, wonderful. If I presumed it incorrect,. there was constantly something I could. locate in their simplification that they. omitted.

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2019-05-06 00:34:07
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The Fold - and also - Cut Theorem is rather unintuitive. http://erikdemaine.org/foldcut/

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2019-06-01 10:21:00
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Morely is trisection theory - - not uncovered till 1899. http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath376/kmath376.htm.

Trisect the 3 angles of a triangular. Take the junction of each trisector with its local trisector of the local various other vertex. These 3 factors create an equilateral triangular!

With bisectors, they all fulfill in a factor. That trisectors need to offer an equilateral triangular is rather shocking.

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2019-05-18 00:08:17
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" The all-natural numbers are as several as the also all-natural numbers".

This declaration is unimportant and also unworthy to be called "theory", yet it is instead counterproductive if you do not recognize the definition of "as several". At the very least, it was for Galileo:)

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2019-05-17 10:27:04
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One that Feynman would certainly have denied : There are constantly 2 antipodal factors on the Earth that coincide temperature level. (This adheres to from the reality that a continual scalar area on a circle has a size whose endpoints have the very same value)

One that Feynman could have favored : Draw a triangular. Attract a circle via the middles of the triangular is sides. This circle additionally travels through the the foot of each elevation and also the middle of the line sector from the orthcentre per vertex. The nine point circle

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2019-05-17 09:33:28
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It is feasible for a team of individuals to hold a secret tally political election in which all interaction is done openly. This is just one of the several shocking effects of the presence of secure multiparty computation.

(Of training course, the tallies are just "secret" under some practical cryptographic presumptions. I presume Feynman might have challenged this.)

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2019-05-16 23:57:36
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What is the tiniest location of a car park in which an auto (that is, a sector of) can execute a full turn (that is, revolve 360 levels)?

(This is clearly the Kakeya Needle Problem. Rather very easy to clarify, versions a virtually practical actual - life circumstance, and also has a really shocking solution as you possibly recognize - the whole lot can have as tiny a location as you would certainly such as).

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2019-05-09 08:58:48
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Scott Aaronson as soon as primarily did this for a number of theories in computer technology here and also here. I specifically similar to this one:

Suppose a child is offered some arbitrary instances of grammatic and also ungrammatical sentences, and also based upon that, it intends to presume the basic regulation for whether an offered sentence is grammatic. If the child can do this with practical precision and also in a practical quantity of time, for any kind of "normal grammar" (the really most basic sort of grammar researched by Noam Chomsky), then that child can additionally damage the RSA cryptosystem.

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2019-05-09 08:46:40
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My fave would possibly be Goodstein's theory:

Start with your favored number (mine is $37$) and also share it in genetic base $2$ symbols. That is, write it as a power of $2$ with backers powers of $2$, etc

So, $37 = 2^{(2^2 + 1)} + 2^2 + 1$. This is the first component of the series.

Next, transform all the $2$'s to $3$'s, and also subtract one from what's continuing to be and also share in genetic base $3$ symbols.

We get $3^{(3^3 + 1)} + 3^3 + 1 - 1= 3^{(3^3 + 1)} + 3^3$ (which is about $2 \times 10^{13}$). This is the 2nd component of the series.

Next, transform all $3$'s to $4$'s, subtract one, and also share in genetic base $4$ symbols.

We get $4^{(4^4 + 1)} + 4^4 - 1 = 4^{(4^4 + 1)} + 3*4^3 + 3*4^2 + 3*4 + 3$ (which is about $5 \times 10^{154}$). This is the 3rd component of the series.

Rinse, repeat : at the $n^{th}$ phase, transform all the "$n+1$" to "$n+2$", subtract $1$, and also reexpress in genetic base $n+2$ symbols.

The theory is : despite which number you start with, at some point, your series strikes 0, although that it expands VERY promptly at the beginning.

As an example, if as opposed to beginning with $37$, we began with $4$, after that (according to the wikipedia web page), it takes $3*2^{(402653211)} - 2$ actions (VERY about $10^{(100,000,000)}$, or a $1$ adhered to by a hundred million $0$s). $37$ takes significantly longer to go down to $0$.

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2019-05-09 08:35:18
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You have 2 the same papers with the very same image published on them. You placed one level on a table and also the various other one you scrunch (without tearing it) and also area it in addition to the first one. Brouwer's fixed point theorem states that there is some factor aware on the messed up - up web page that is straight over the very same factor under web page. No matter just how you position the web pages, or just how you flaw the leading one.

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2019-05-08 21:23:50
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Similar to the Monty Hall trouble, yet more difficult : at the most up to date Gathering 4 Gardner, Gary Foshee asked

I have 2 youngsters. One is a child born upon a Tuesday. What is the chance I have 2 children?

We are thinking that births are just as dispersed throughout the week, that every youngster is a child or lady with chance 1/ 2, which there is no dependancy relationship in between sex and also day of birth.

His Answer : 13/ 27. This remained in the information a whole lot lately, see as an example BBC News. (Later analysis revealed the solution relies on why the moms and dad claimed that.)

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2019-05-08 19:30:26
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For any kind of 5 factors on the world, there is an angle in celestial spaces where you can see at the very least 4 of the 5 factors (thinking the moon or anything isn't in the means). The evidence is rather straightforward, also ...

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2019-05-08 17:49:39
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Now that Wiles has actually gotten the job done, I assume that Fermat's Last Theorem might be adequate. I locate it a little bit shocking still.

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2019-05-08 15:16:15
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A boundless quantity of trains, each having a boundless quantity of individuals can be suited at Hilbert's Grand Hotel. Aesthetic demo here.

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2019-05-08 15:12:16
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My first idea is the ham sandwich theorem - - offered a sandwich created by 2 items of bread and also one item of pork (these items can be of any kind of reasonable/well - acted form) in any kind of placements you pick, it is feasible to reduce this "sandwich" specifically in fifty percent, that is divide each of the 3 things specifically in fifty percent by quantity, with a solitary "cut" (suggesting a solitary aircraft).

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2019-05-08 15:05:36
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All of 3 dimensional room can be filled out with a boundless curve.

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2019-05-08 14:57:45
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The Monty Hall problem fits the costs rather well. Virtually every person, consisting of most mathematicians, addressed it incorrect on their first shot, and also some took a great deal of convincing prior to they concurred with the proper solution.

It's additionally really simple to clarify it to individuals.

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2019-05-08 14:36:35
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Every simple shut contour that you can attract by hand will certainly travel through the edges of some square. The inquiry was asked by Toeplitz in 1911, and also has actually just been partly addressed in 1989 by Stromquist. Already, the solution is just recognized to be favorable, for the contours that can be attracted by hand. (i.e. the contours that are piecewise the chart of a continual function)

I locate the outcome past my instinct.

For information, see http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~markn/squares/ (the number is additionally obtained from this website)

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2019-05-08 12:29:47
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There hold true declarations in math which are unprovable. A lot more extremely there are specific polynomial formulas where it's unprovable whether they have integer remedies with ZFC! (We require ZFC + uniformity of ZFC)

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2019-05-08 10:32:56
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Theorem : Any predicate which can be reviewed in polynomial time on a nondeterministic turing equipment can be reviewed in polynomial time on a deterministic turing equipment.

Or is asking an open inquiry disloyalty? :)

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2019-05-08 08:37:09
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Every set can be well gotten, I as soon as remained on bench of my favorite area and also faced this lady I have not seen for several years. I clarified a little bit concerning Air Conditioner, Zorn's Lemma and also the Well - Ordering concept which they are all equal.

(In afterward, my close friend informed me that if every set can be well - gotten I need to inform him the follower of 0 in the actual numbers, I addressed that 1 is. He after that said that he suggests the actual numbers, and also not the all-natural numbers. I informed him that my well - order places the all-natural numbers with the common getting first, after that the rationals and afterwards the irrationals. Yet I can change a limited variety of placements if he desires me to.)

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2019-05-08 07:36:50
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The sensible numbers are both a continuum (in between any kind of 2 rationals you can locate an additional sensible) and also countable (they can be aligned in document with the favorable integers).

Mathematician missed it for hundreds (thousands?) of years, till Cantor.

Certainly, the evidence of that functions both means, and also is just as shocking the various other means-- there is a means to get the integers (or any kind of countable set) that makes it right into a continuum.

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2019-05-08 02:39:47
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Position-based Cryptography. This is an enjoyable instance given that it appears really "out of limbo".

The arrangement : Three web servers are placed in well-known areas on the world (their placements can be approximate, given they aren't on top of each various other).

A solitary computer system intends to confirm its area to the web servers. To put it simply, if the computer system is in fact situated where it asserts, after that the method will certainly approve. Nonetheless, if the computer system lies anywhere else, after that the method will certainly deny, despite just how the computer system cheats (it is also permitted to hire close friends to aid it rip off).

All interaction undergoes the regulations of physics-- details trips at rate c, and also quantum technicians holds.

Theory 1 : This is difficult if all interaction is timeless. Disloyalty is constantly feasible.

Theory 2 : This is feasible if quantum interaction is feasible.

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2019-05-08 02:03:43
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Goldbach's Conjecture.

Provided this is open, so it might be ripping off a little bit. Nonetheless, this feels like a really tough trouble to intuit your means to the "standard knowledge". By comparison, P != NP is "clearly" real. Without a doubt, Feynman had problem thinking P != NP was also open.

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2019-05-08 01:56:49
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Suppose you have a huge collection of publications, every one of the very same dimension. Equilibrium among them on the side of a table to make sure that one end of guide is as much from the table as feasible. Equilibrium an additional publication in addition to that, and also once more attempt to get as much from the table as feasible. Take $n$ of them and also attempt to stabilize them on top of each various other to make sure that the leading publication is regarding feasible far from the side of the table flat.

Theory : With adequate publications, you can get randomly much from the table. If you are actually mindful. This issues of the aberration of the harmonic collection. I assume if you have not heard this set prior to it's really tough to inform whether it's real or incorrect.

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2019-05-07 23:27:56
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