Counting tops
Let $\pi(x)$ be the variety of tops not more than $x$.
Wikipedia article claims that $\pi(10^{23}) = 1,925,320,391,606,803,968,923$.
The inquiry is just how to compute $\pi(x)$ for huge $x$ in a practical time? What algorithms do exist for that?
You can make use of inclusion exclusion principle to get an increase over the Eratosthenes sieve
The most reliable prime checking algorithms presently recognized are all basically optimizations of the method created by Meissel in 1870, as an example see the conversation below http://primes.utm.edu/howmany.shtml
The Sieve of Atkin is just one of the fastest algorithm made use of to compute $pi(x)$. The Wikipedia web page claims that its intricacy is O (N/ log log N).
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I located a distributed computation project which had the ability to compute $pi(4\times 10^{22})$, possibly maybe valuable.
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